Sunday, November 30, 2008
Sunday, August 31, 2008
KANDHAMAL
The horrific ritual of human sacrifice practiced by the Kandhas upto the middle of the 19th century has been an indelible blot on the community. But the way they offered dogged resistance to the British for several decades, not withstanding their deprivation , they amply deserve kudos for their valiant fight.
The tribals played a stellar role in the Khurda Rebellion commanded by Buxi Jagabandhu against the British in 1817. There had been a smouldering discontent against British rule in the coastal areas of Orissa for several years, on the grounds of agrarian ,economic and political issues. It was a band of 400 Kandhas of Ghumusar, who sparked off the conflagration by entering the Khurda region to fight. Buxi Jagabandhu and his army joined there, and the revolt soon spread to Khurda, Tangi, Gopa, Bolagarh, Banapur, Pipili, Nayagarh and other places. They captured Puri in April 1817 and proclaimed restoration of the authority of the King, who had been deposed by the British. The revolt was so widespread and strident that the British considered their position in Orissa perilous. But gradually the rebellion fell through. Buxi Jagabandhu took shelter in Ghumusar and Boudh for some years from May 1818. The Rajas of Boudh, Ghumusar, Nayagarh and Dasapalla supported him and the Kandhas of these areas gave him protection till he surrendered in 1825.
Ganjam district, including Ghumusar, came under the possession of the British in 1865. The Bhanja Kings of Ghumusor did not brook interference from the British officers in their adminstrative affairs. The kings and the people began to resent the exploitative and oppressive behaviour of the officers. There were rebellion against the British in 1766, 1778 and 1801. Dora Bissoi, commander of Ghumusar force, spearheaded the revolt, off and on, from 1815 to 1835. In all these revolts, the Kandhas of Ghumusar, including the Uttar Ghumusar area of G.Udayagiri, took a leading part. The refractory Bhanja Raja, Dhananjaya Bhanja, was dethroned and the principality was annexed to the British empire on November,3,1835. The deposed Raja and Dora Bissoi fled to Udayagiri area. Rebellion spread like wildfire in the entire Uttar Ghumusar region. The British army had to confront with fierce resistance everywhere. Meanwhile the king breathed his last on December 31, 1835. The rebellion was crushed by the British with utmost brutality, According to John Campbell, " The two years campaign was of unexampled severity" from the reports of G.E.Russel, special commissioner for Ghumusar, a ghastly fact is inferred. "Numbers of : konds were shot like wild beasts, some were seized and hung up on trees. Their villages were everywhere laid in ashes."
Dora Bissoi fled to Boudh Kandhamal area with some of his lieutenants. He surrendered in 1837 and the Raja of Anugul handed him over to the British. Dora Bissoi died in 1846 at Gooty,near Madras, where he was a prisoner.
The Kondhas of Boudh-kandhamal area rose up in arms against the invading British as their land and liberty were at stake. They also resented the interference of the British in their social and cultural activities and religious rituals. In Boudh-Kandhamal Nabaghana Kanhar of Ratabari rose in revolt against the king of Boudh and the British in 1835. The king of Anugul extended his support and cooperation. His two years revolt came to an end when he, due to conspiracy of Sam Bissoi, a British supporter, handed over to the British some Ghumusar insurgents, who had taken shelter under him. His two sons, Bira and Maheswar, surrendered. On account of the organisational skill of Dora bissoi and Nabaghan Kanhar, the uprising had assumed a gigantic proportion in the Kandha inhabited areas. Hence the British government had to requisition military forces from Madras, Nagpur and Bengal Divisions to quell the Kandha rising.
There was some semblance of peace and tranquility in the area for some years. But the Kandhas, under the inspiring leadership of Chakra Bissoi, Bira Konhar and Madhaba Kanhar, made brisk preparation from 1844 to wage rebellion against the British. The rebellion again erupted in 1846 in both Boudh-Kandhamal and Ghumusar regions. It also broke extensively in Angul, Jajpur, Kalahandi, Sonepur and Dasapalla. The rebellion was fierce and sporadic in nature and as the area of operation was the vast expanse of inhospitable Jungle terrain,the insurgents could sustain the rebellion for a protracted period of 10 years, even in the face of superior military strength of the British. The Kandha insurrection fizzled out by 1856. S.C.Macpherson, John Campbell, Mac Vicar and Mac Neil were the military officers of the British army who successfully put down the tribal insurgency and terminated the practice of human sacrifice ,Meriah in the local parlance.
During this period of turmoil two tribal strongholds, Anugul and Kandhamal, were annexed by British in 1847 and 1855 respectively to their empire.
Friday, August 29, 2008
POINT COUNTERPOINT
WHY THE LEFT OPPOSES THE INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL &
WHAT THE GOVY. SAYS
LEFT: The Hyde Act passed by the
Annual certification by the President of Us is part of the Hyde Act. This means the
GOVERNMENT: President Bush has said he views the clause to which the left parties refer or purely advisory. In any case, this is a
LEFT: under the Hyde Act if this agreement is terminated the
GOVERNMENT: the 123 Agreement states the US will help India get nuclear fuel from other NSG supplies if the Agreement breaks down (that if India tests) even then multi-layered consultation and extenuating circumstance like a neighbor testing are built into the 123.
LEFT: it is now clear that full access to technology for the fuel cycle will not be available to
GOVERNMENT: something are always left purposely vague in International agreements.
LEFT: the Prime Minster has emphasized the gains made with regard to the right to reprocess spent
GOVERNMENT: if only you know how much we had to fight for this.
LEFT: given that a majority in parliament does not support the nuclear Co-operation deal, the Govt. should not proceed with the agreement.
GOVERNMENT: International agreements are not subjected to parliamentary ratification. The cabinet committee on Political Affairs has Okayed. We brought it to parliament as a matter of courtesy.
WHAT AND WHEN THE NEXT STEP IN THE DEAL:
# Negations for the safeguards agreement with IAEA must end before November 22 meeting of the IAEA’s Board of government.
# With board approved, before years end, US goes to 46member, NSG on
# After NSG waiver between January and February Bush sends 123 Agreement back to
In other words: if current tensions hadn’t been there deal signed, sealed any time between January and March 2008.
Even after left withdrew the support PM is continue the process...
Thursday, August 28, 2008
HYDE ACT
MOST CLAUSES LEFT IS OPPOSED TO NOT BINDING ON
What is most important to understand about the Hyde Act is that it is divided into binding & non binding parts. The non binding parts are fluff designed to keep congressman happy. They are not enforced and are acted when the bill become law.
Almost all parts being objected to are in the non binding section. And the evidence of their irrelevance lies in the fact that not one clause of the nonbinding parts is the present in 123 Agreement, the only document
The segment of Hyde Act that are causing the entire flurry. All of them are non binding and are therefore irrelevant.
SECTION 102:
# Clause 6D which says nuclear cooperation should be granted to a country if it “will induce the country to give greater political and material support to the achievement of United States global and regional non proliferation objectives, especially with respect to dissuading, isolation and if necessary, sanctioning and containing states that sponsor terrorism and terrorist groups seeking to acquire nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction capability and the means to deliver such weapons.”
Critic says this along with the more explicit clause B4 will force
SECTION 103
# Clause A5 says
The
#Clause A6 says US policy should be to “seek to prevent the transfer to a country of nuclear equipment material or technology from other participating govt. in the NSG or any other source if nuclear transfer to that country are suspended or terminated pursuant to the title the Atomic Energy Act of 1954…”
This is contradicted by Article 5, Clause 6; of the 123 Agreement which has a long listed of such reassurances Clause to the Govt. of India for use in safe guarded civilian nuclear facilities should be commensurate with reasonable reacted operation requirement.”
Could have limited
The parts of the binding segment that some critics in
SECTION 104
Clause C7 part of the US President report to congress on the deal should describe “the steps India is taking” to ensure its nuclear regulation are in harmony with missile Technology Control regime NSG, Australian Group and Wassenaar Arrangement… the Proliferation Security Initiative
THIS IS ONLY REPORT OF “STEPS”, IT DOESN’T SAY
Wednesday, August 27, 2008
India –US Nuclear Agreement
Why is it called 123?
The name comes from the Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act, under which the
What are its key features?
#
# It gives
# It allows
How does it help us tangibly?
#
# Doors will now open for high tech and dual use tech in sectors as drivers as IT, Defense, Space, Pharmaceuticals.
What are the Strategic Implications for
#
# It won’t be a nuclear pariah
# The deal won’t be offered to
# It gets to keep its nuclear weapons.
What is US INTEREST?
# Raise of
# the deal allows
#
# The non –proliferation lobby feels its too generous to
# That it should not get the right to reprocess spent fuel.
#
# The “wrong signal” will go out to
# It will undermine global non proliferation system.
US, according to its Atomic Energy Act, can’t have nuclear cooperation with a country that has not signed the NPT or submitted itself to safe guards. The Hyde Act gives
What is life!!!
What is life
Life is a challenge : Meet it.
Life is a gift : Accept it.
Life is a sorrow :Overcome.
Life is an adventure :dare it.
Life is a tragedy :face it.
Life is a duty : do it
Life is a game : play it
Life is a goal :achieve it
Life is a mystery : unfold it
Life is a song : sing it
Life is an opportunity :avail it
Life is a journey : complete it
Life is a promise : fulfill it
Life is a struggle :fight it
Life is a love : enjoy it
Life is a beauty : praise it
Life is a sprite :realize it
Life is a puzzle : solve it
ESSAY: WHY DO WE CELEBRATE TEACHER’S DAY!!!!!!!
WHY DO WE CELEBRATE TEACHER’S DAY
Children are the future of the nation. A nation which builds children on the basis of the culture, tradition, history, and with the dream of the glorious future, that nation becomes a strong nation. This future is built by the Teachers. Teacher is the architects of the nation. They have the power, strength, vigor to build anew nation. So in this Araya Bhumi we celebrate the Teacher’s day on the birth day of a greater teacher, philosopher, educationalist, freedom fighter and statesman: Dr Saravapalli Radhakrishan...
In a
Radhakrishan said; “we developed negative kind of patriotism when we struggle to rid the country of foreign rule. But a positive patriotism, a dynamic fellow feeling sense of belonging to this greater country, of being proud to belong to it these are yet to come. We have to build these in the minds hearts of men”. He wrote two philosophical papers. The philosophy of R.N.Togor and regain of religion in contemporary philosophy. In 1931 he became the lecture of
The school is the second home of a child. Due to the change of educational methods, social value and new life style, the relationship between teacher and students is not so good so it is time to reset our selves in lights of new educational methods and mutual understanding. A major change in Education system is necessary we have to achieve our cultural goals with in International standard………
essay: What Is Politics!!!
What Is Politics:
government, politicians and their policies or more negatively the idea
of corruption and dirty tricks. The actual definition seems to have been
obscured and almost lost by such representations and clichés that tend
not to pinpoint the true essence, which defines this thing, called
politics. In order to make an attempt at a definition of politics a
systematic approach is required. To begin with, a brief historical
overview will be considered, to understand the origins of politics.
Following this, different core concepts, which are imperative to a
definition of politics, will be discussed, in the hope to discover a
true and fair interpretation of the word politics.
The word politics comes from the Greek word "polis", meaning the state
or community as a whole. The concept of the "polis" was an ideal state
and came from the writings of great political thinkers such as Plato and
Aristotle. In his novel "The Republic", Plato describes the ideal state
and the means to achieve it. Hence, the word politics originally has
connotations in the ways in which to create the ideal society. An ideal
society is in practice a rather difficult aim and even an impossible aim
to achieve. Politics implies measures which could and should, in the
views of their devisor, be implemented in the hope to create a better
society, than that which is already present. The very fact that Plato
and Aristotle saw imperfections in the societies in which they lived,
prompted them to write their political philosophies. These philosophies
provided the first written recognition of politics. In his writings his
"The Politics", Aristotle states that "Man is by nature a political
animal"(The Politics, 1) in another words, it lies deep within the
instinct of man. It is almost primal. Due to his nature man should
consider and realise his role within the "polis". So according to
Aristotle Politics is not a dreamt up concept, but rather an inherent
feature of mankind.
To begin with, the basest premise that underpins the notion of politics
should be considered in order to arrive at a fair definition. Man is
self-preserving by nature. He thinks and acts, whether that is as an
individual or as a group who share interests, with foremost regard to
his own interests. Self-perpetuation is the number one rule. He
therefore possesses his own interests, ideas and preferences, which may
differ to those of his contemporaries. In the "Blackwell Encyclopaedia
of Political Thought", Miller supports this premise:
"Politics presupposes a diversity of view, if not about ultimate aims,
at least the best ways of achieving them". (Miller, 1987, p.390)
Politics consider this view of man, in that on meeting others whose
interests oppose his own, conflict is bound to occur. What could be the
cause of this conflict in interest? The world has its limits; all
material wealth within it is exhaustible. Who therefore, gets how large
a share, of those resources, which are present on the earth in limited
supply? If man were permitted to act on and pursue his own selfish
interests, snatching that, which he desires, a society would quickly
become under rule of violence. Politics is a way of combating the
degradation of society into a violent and unstructured mess by reducing
it to be governed by the primitive instincts of man in order to resolve
conflict. Leftwich states in his essay entitled "Politics: people,
resources and power" from his book "What is Politics?"
"...politics compromises all the activities of co-operation and
conflict, within and between societies, whereby the human species goes
about organising the use, production and distribution of human, natural
and other resources in the production and reproduction of its biological
and social life." (Leftwich, 1984, p.64-65)
Politics therefore may be defined a means to resolving this conflict
through various means, which will be tackled later in this essay. If
however one was to take this premise of the existence of opposing
opinions as false, conflict between individuals should never occur and
politics would not be required to resolve problems. To justify politics
however, this premise must be true and through simply considering, the
society in which we live it is evident, that conflict exists. In his
definition of politics in the "Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political
Thought" Miller advocates this view, stating that if "people (were to)
agree spontaneously on a course of action...they (would) have no need to
engage in politics."(Miller, 1987, p.390)(Added) Thus, politics exists
due to the broad spectrum of ideas and opinions within any society.
To resolve conflicting opinions, a consensus must be agreed upon by all
parties affected. Also in "The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political
Thought", Miller cites three methods which are a feature of politics
when resolving disagreements within society, these three elements are
"persuasion, bargaining and a mechanism for reaching a final
decision"(Miller, 1987, p.390). This means that politics tries to act as
a peacemaker by offering solution(s) to conflict to the parties involved
by means of discussion with them. The outcome will most probably require
the yielding of at least one of the parties implicated in order to meet
at a compromise. The mechanism is the way in which the parties make
their final decisions based on the scenarios with which they have been
provided. This may take the form of a vote.
How is it that the final decision made though compromise is enforceable?
For surely in order for politics to be of any use as a pacifier in
strained relations it must carry some sort of authority and power.
Politics implies power. Dahl, in Modern Political Analysis, states that:
"a political system as any persistent pattern of human relationships
that involves, to a significant extent, control, influence, power or
authority." (Dahl, 1984, p.9-10)
Certain members of a society must have the authority over other member's
in order to enforce civil discussion in the first place. It seems to
follow that for certain individuals to exert more power than others they
must have the support of a large proportion over those which they have
authority. Going back to the premise that man is at heart a selfish
creature, it must be true that even those in power are immune to the
effects of pursuing their own goals to a certain extent. Politics could
therefore be defined as a power struggle between those in influential
positions. Power can only be obtained by obtaining the support from as
many groups and individuals as possible. This can be achieved by
providing tempting solutions to conflicts that already exist in a
society, whether this be in a honest or dishonest way. By appealing to
members of a society with solutions to their problems and promises to
act in their interests, a group or individual can gain support and
ultimately authority over other groups and individuals. Politics could
thus be defined as a calculating art of power gain or power retention or
more simply as power struggle.
The ultimate power is found in government. Miller continues to name the
state as "the chief arena of politics, in the modern world. (Miller,
1987, p.391)
It is within this institution that all of the aforementioned takes
place. Thus, politics could be defined as the workings of government as
a guarantor to a peaceful society. The government is run by the
politicians, it is the politicians who form the ideas to hopefully
settle conflict in the society they govern. However it seems that if
politics are the working of government those societies and communities,
which do not possess a government, are devoid of politics. In
we have a government so we tend to relate the politics as the workings
of that government. However, in every community and corporation where
there is hierarchy politics must exist. In a company for example, a boss
makes decisions and resolves conflict. In a tribe, a leader makes
decisions to keep internal conflicts to a minimum and ultimately ensures
the survival of his tribe. Thus politics is present in every community
and is used to manage workings and disagreements that may occur within
any co-habitation. John Horton, contributor in Leftwich "What is
Politics?" supports this view. Horton quotes from "Rationalism in
Politics and other Essays"(1962) by Michael Oakenshott;
"Politics I take to be the activity of attending to the general
arrangements of a set of people whom chance or choice have brought
together. In this sense, families, clubs and learned societies have
their politics" (Leftwich, 1984, p.112)
Here Oakenshott acknowledges the existence of politics in all kinds of
human societies and communities, because of co-habitation. Horton
however goes on to name the state as being as possessing certain
features which make it particular from those other examples of politics
listed by Oakenshott. These features suggest the mandatory and
authoritarian nature of the state, when compared to those politics that
exist in say a sports club. Politics occurs in all kinds of communities.
Whether it be the sports club or the state government and is concerned
with devising a method of organisation and attempting to implement that
method of organisation within that community over which it acts. It is
present in these communities as a necessary measure to avoid conflict
due to those inevitable diversities in opinion and therefore ultimately
needed to promote as peaceful an existence as possible.
In the process of establishing the core concepts of this affair called
politics, it is plain to see that a brief definition is virtually
impossible. Politics is not simply an object or a single stranded idea.
It is not a concise term but rather a complicated notion, which embraces
premises, opinions, and qualities of human nature, actions and
institutions. It seems to arise in those situations where humans live in
coexistence whether that be by choice or otherwise. Any attempt at a
definition would be to confine and customise politics to suit ones own
particular views. Nevertheless, in fitting with the title of this essay
an attempt at a definition shall be made.
Politics is the means to creating a more organised and peaceful society,
by providing methods to resolve conflict that naturally occurs between
men, by means of civil discussion and rational compromise. It thus stems
the need for violence in tense situations and ultimately looks to avoid
the degradation of a community into utter chaos. Authority is the
underlying feature of politics and ensures its enforceability. Power
underpins its very existence; it is a prerequisite for politics exist.
Without authority, politics simply is not feasible. The most visible and
widely accepted example of politics is the workings of the governmental
institutions. However, although at first glance one may not be aware of
it, politics in its various forms is present wherever and whenever
humans form a community. Referring back to the views of Aristotle,
politics is an intrinsic feature of mankind.
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
What is discipline? How it’s necessary in every field? Man should learn discipline from nature. Discipline in civic life, in defense in, play field. It is necessary in social and political life. It is must for student. Discipline is essential in national life. It helps society nation Conclusion | ﷲ NEED OF DISCIPLINE IN EVERY FIELD Discipline suggests strict obedience to orders or rules. It is way of following certain rules of conduct even if they do not satisfy ones’ reason. It is a strict control over man’s sense of freedom which if left unbridled may cause social disorder. So, discipline is essential in every walk of life .And without it life becomes an unnecessary burden. Discipline is the life breath of civilized life. It must practice from our every child hood. Home is the first school where a child learns the way of discipline. If the home atmosphere is health and peaceful it will have a good impact on Child’s mind and make him disciplined .And if the members act in their own way with disobeying elders then the home becomes a hell for the child. School is the second stage for a child to learn discipline. The good name of the school lies in its disciplined atmosphere. If the young students get every scope for all round development, they won’t resort to discipline. School is the right place to train students in the way of discipline. Discipline is every essential in civic life. Every citizen should follow the laws of the state .this way of civilized practice will ensure them the smooth functioning of the society. Discipline helps a civilization grow to zenith of glory .The great Harappan CULTURE IS the result of the ways of discipline in the past .if there is indiscipline in the society the whole civilization will collapse like a house of cards. Discipline is a part and parcel of defense life .discipline is necessary in the play field, too. In a team all players should forget their differences and play a team spirit. Discipline is very important in our social life. We supposed to follow certain laws of conduct in the society. We should try to make FRIENDLY ADJUSTMENTS in pity things like boarding buses obtaining tickets at the counter and so on. We should always think of our duties before we talk of our rights. If we are not tolerant there is chaos in our social life. Discipline is the life breath of political life. If a political party is torn by its internal rift and if political leaders are not disciplined, they cannot carry people with them. Discipline is a must in democracy. With out it democracy will be a running vehicle without brakes. Student should also practice discipline in his life. In order to achieve in his life should be devoted to studies first. If he is indulged in unnecessary sticks, assaulting teachers, resorting to malpractices in the examination, teasing girl defying authorities, he sure to find himself in trouble. A disciplined student is an asset to the institution and to the nation as well. Discipline is also in national life. A vast country like ours needs discipline in every field. But is matter of regret that, during the last few years India has been a prey to indiscipline .There have been lots of strikes, demonstrations, riots, accidents, looting ,bomb blast, and so many other anti social activities all over the country. There has been a gradual degradation of our national character. Some selfish political parties and so called political leaders are responsible for indiscipline in the country. Only for their self interest they create caste feeling communal feeling, language feeling among the people. Discipline is the every spirit of a good life. Some people misunderstand it and argue that it is negation of freedom and independent judgment. But they are wrong. A disciplined nation will certainly make its mark in every field. An undisciplined nation on the other hand, is sure to collapse like house of cards. It should grow slowly and steadily in every person, each students should take up the responsibility of instilling the sense of discipline in every and thus help the society grow disciplined. Like the discipline in nature. The sun rises in the east, the summer comes after the winter tree suck carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and leave out oxygen to help us alive all this reflects discipline. It the right way to control our natural impulse by our power of reason. If everybody learns the way discipline, the whole country will be turned into a heaven on earth. |
